speed trials

1) General subject: trial trip, rotating commissioning (один из этапов при подготовке к сдаче газовых турбин в эксплуатацию), mechanical run test

2) Naval: performance trial, running trial, sea trials, speed trial, trial ride, underway trial, test run

3) Military: at-sea testing, automotive test, runoff (подвижной техники), seagoing test, on-road trial

4) Engineering: performance trials, ride test, running trials, underway trials

5) Railway term: tests on the line

6) Economy: speed trials

7) Oil: sea trials (морского бурового основания)

8) Oil&Gas technology sea trial (морского бурового основания)

9) Automation: trial running inspection

10) Makarov: sea trials (подводных лодок и т.п.)

11) Combustion gas turbines: running experience

1) Naval: progressive speed test, standartization trials

2) Engineering: progressive speed trials, progressive trials, standardization trials

1) Naval: speed trial

2) Engineering: speed trials

"test;

Probe;

prova"

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f ( esame) test

( tentativo) attempt

( testimonianza) proof

di abito fitting

sports heat

theatre prove pl rehearsal sg

theatre prove pl generali dress rehearsal sg

prova di laboratorio lab test

banco m di prova test bench

a prova di bomba bombproof

salvo prova contraria unless otherwise stated

per insufficienza di prove for lack of evidence

mettere alla prova put to the test

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prova s.f.

1 ( dimostrazione) proof; ( elemento, mezzo di prova) evidence [U]: ne abbiamo le prove, we have evidence of it; diede prova di essere un vero amico, he proved to be a real friend; è una prova della sua innocenza, this is a proof of (o this proves) his innocence; voglio la prova di quanto hai detto, I want proof of what you said // dare prova di, to give proof of: ha dato prova di eccellente preparazione, he showed excellent preparation // (dir.): prova diretta, direct evidence; prova indiziaria, indiretta, circumstantial (o indirect) evidence; prova a carico, a discarico, evidence for the prosecution, for the defence; prova per sentito dire, de auditu, hearsay evidence; prova illecita, illegally obtained evidence; prova reale, tangible evidence; prova non rilevante, irrelevant evidence; regole di prova, rules of evidence; il valore ( probante) della prova, the weight of evidence; prova in contrario, evidence to the contrary; la prova riguarda..., the evidence relates to... // fino a prova contraria, until one has proof to the contrary

2 ( controllo, esperimento) test; trial; ( di dipendente) probation: superare una prova, to pass a test; mettere qlcu. alla prova, to put s.o. to the test (o to test s.o.); sembra buono ma bisogna vederlo alla prova, it looks good on paper but we'll need to see it tested // assumere qlcu. in prova, to take s.o. on for a trial period; il periodo di prova è di tre mesi, the trial period is three months; il nuovo impiegato è ancora in prova, the new clerk is still on probation // (comm.): prova del prodotto, product test; prova di vendita, sales test // (econ.): prova di mercato, market test; prova su zona, area test; prova di produzione, production test

3 (tecn.) test, trial: prova a fatica, fatigue test; prova all'urto, shock (o impact) test; prova a trazione, tensile test; prova conclusiva, crucial test; prova di affidabilità, reliability test; prova di collaudo, acceptance test; prova di durata, endurance (o life) test; prova di durezza, hardness test; prova di elasticità, elasticity test; prova di laboratorio, laboratory test; prova di pressione, pressure test; prova di sicurezza, safety test; apparecchiatura di prova, test set; banco di prova, testing bench; mettere una macchina in prova, to test a machine // (mecc.): prova al banco, bench test; prova al freno, brake test // (elettr.): prova ad alta tensione, high-voltage test; prova di isolamento, insulation test; prova di rigidità dielettrica, electric strength test // (chim.) prova alla fiamma, flame test // (tess.) prova dei filati, yarn testing // (mar.): prova agli ormeggi, quay trial; prova a tutta forza, full-power trial // (aer.): prova a terra, ground test; prova di volo, flight trial; volo di prova, trial flight // (aut.): prova di consumo, fuel consumption test; prova di velocità, speed test; prova su strada, road test; targa di prova, temporary plate // (mil.) prova di tiro, range trial // (sport) prova di durata, long-distance trial // (inform.): prova del programma, programme checkout; prova automatica, self-test

4 a prova di, proof (attr.): a prova di bomba, bombproof; a prova di cannone, shellproof; a prova di ruggine, rustproof; a prova di umidità, wetproof

5 ( scolastica) test, examination: prova orale, oral test (o examination); prova scritta, written test (o examination); sostenere una prova, to take (o to do o to sit for) an examination

6 (fig.) trial, ordeal: fu una dura prova, it was a severe trial (o ordeal); la sua vita fu piena di prove, his life was full of trials

7 ( tentativo) try: farò una prova, I shall try; prima di cambiarlo facciamo un'ultima prova, before changing it let's have another try

8 ( risultato, riuscita) result: dare una buona prova, to give good results

9 (di abito, durante la confezione) fitting: ho fatto tre prove per questo abito, I've had three fittings for this dress; mettere in prova un abito, to make a dress ready for a fitting

10 (teatr., mus.) rehearsal: prova generale, dress rehearsal, (mus.) final rehearsal; ogni giorno facciamo tre ore di prova, every day we rehearse for three hours

11 (tip.) proof: foglio di prova, ( di stampa) specimen page; prima prova, foul (o flat) proof; seconda prova, revise; terza prova, second revise; prova in colonna, galley proof; correggere una prova, to correct a proof; tirare una prova, to pull a proof

12 (mat.) proof: fa' la prova di questa addizione, check this sum; prova del nove, casting out nines: fare la prova del nove, to cast out nines

13 ( sportiva) trials (pl.): la prova dei 100 metri, the 100 metres trials; le prove del Gran Premio inizieranno alle 13, the Grand Prix trials will begin at 1 p.m.

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sostantivo femminile

1) (dimostrazione) proof U, evidence U

2) dir. evidence U, proof; (documento) exhibit

3) mat. (operazione di verifica) proof

4) aut. ind. tecn. (collaudo) trial (run)

5) (esperimento) test

6) (verifica) test; (di persona) trial, test

7) (tentativo) try

8) (esame) test, exam(ination)

9) tip.

10) (momento difficile) ordeal, hardship

11) (manifestazione)

12) sport event; (prestazione) performance

13) teatr. mus. rehearsal

14) sart. fitting

15) a prova di

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prova

/'prɔva/

sostantivo f.

 1 (dimostrazione) proof U, evidence U; dare prova di to show [fermezza, coraggio]; essere la prova di to testify to, to bear testimony to [fatto, ostilità]; è la prova che it's a sure sign that; dare buona prova di sé to give a good account of oneself, to acquit oneself well; fino a prova contraria until proved otherwise

 2 dir. evidence U, proof; (documento) exhibit; una prova a piece of evidence; insufficienza di -e insufficient evidence

 3 mat. (operazione di verifica) proof

 4 aut. ind. tecn. (collaudo) trial (run); fare delle -e to run trials; il nuovo modello è in prova the new model is undergoing trials; prova su strada road test, test drive; volo, giro di prova test flight, run

 5 (esperimento) test; fare delle -e to do o run tests, to test; prova di laboratorio laboratory test

 6 (verifica) test; (di persona) trial, test; assumere qcn. in prova to give sb. a trial, to try sb. (out); periodo di prova trial o probational period; essere all'altezza della prova to rise to o meet the challenge; "uno, due, tre, prova" "one, two, three, testing"; mettere alla prova to (put to the) test, to try [persona, capacità, resistenza]; mettere a dura prova to put a strain on, to strain o try [sth.] to the limit [pazienza, rapporto]; ho bisogno di un lavoro che mi metta alla prova I need a job that stretches o challenges me; "mettimi alla prova!" "try me!"

 7 (tentativo) try; fare una prova to have a try

 8 (esame) test, exam(ination); prova orale oral examination; - e scritte written proof o examinations

 9 tip. prova di stampa proof

 10 (momento difficile) ordeal, hardship; superare una prova to go through an ordeal

 11 (manifestazione) prova d'amore demonstration of love; come prova della sua amicizia as a pledge of her friendship

 12 sport event; (prestazione) performance; - e eliminatorie heats; prova di velocità, a cronometro speed, time trial

 13 teatr. mus. rehearsal; fare le -e to rehearse, to practise

 14 sart. fitting; cabina o camerino di prova changing o fitting room

 15 a prova di a prova di bomba [ rifugio] shell-proof; fig. [pazienza, solidità] bombproof; a prova di scasso burglar-proof, tamper-proof

IDIOMS

a tutta prova [ coraggio] unflinching

\

COMPOUNDS

prova d'acquisto proof of purchase; prova a carico dir. evidence for the prosecution; prova a discarico dir. evidence for the defence; prova d'esame examination o exam paper; prova generale teatr. dress rehearsal, trial run; prova del nove mat. casting out nines; fig. litmus test, acid test; prova di resistenza sport mil. endurance test.

1 delay (demora).

perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay

el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed

llegar con (15 minutos de) retraso to be (15 minutes) late

los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today

2 backwardness (subdesarrollo).

llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind

retraso mental (medicine) mental deficiency

tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded

3 latency, delay.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: retrasar.

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► nombre masculino

1 (demora) delay

■ llegó con mucho retraso she was very late

■ el vuelo saldrá con 20 minutos de retraso the flight will be delayed 20 minutes

2 (subdesarrollo) backwardness, underdevelopment

\

ir con retraso to be running late

llevar un año de retraso to be a year behind schedule

retraso mental mental handicap, backwardness

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1) delay

2) lag

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1) [al llegar] delay

2) [en una actividad] delay

3) [en país, investigación] backwardness

4)

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a) ( demora) delay

b) ( de país) backwardness

c) (Psic)

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= deferment, delay, lag, retrogression, backwardness, lag time [lag-time].

Ex. Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.

Ex. If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.

Ex. If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.

Ex. Some of the proposals brought forth in this connection represent not technological progress but rather ideological retrogression.

Ex. Libraries in developing countries suffer from technological backwardness.

Ex. This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.

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* con retraso mental = mentally retarded.

* ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.

* retraso del envío = delivery delay.

* retraso mental = mental retardation.

* sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.

* sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.

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a) ( demora) delay

b) ( de país) backwardness

c) (Psic)

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1 (demora) delay

perdona por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay, I'm sorry it's late

viene con media hora de retraso it's (running) half an hour late

llevamos or tenemos un retraso de dos meses sobre el programa previsto we're two months behind schedule

no podemos permitir otro retraso en el proceso we cannot allow another delay to o hold-up in the process

cualquier retraso en el pago/la entrega de los productos any delay in payment/delivery of the products

2 (de un país) backwardness

3 ( Psic):

niños con retraso mental children with learning difficulties; (más grave) mentally retarded o handicapped children

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1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹ persona› to make … late;

◊ el tráfico nos retrasó we got held up in the traffic

b) ‹producción/proceso› to delay, hold up;

◊ la niebla retrasó la salida del avión the departure (of the plane) was delayed by fog

c) ‹partida/fecha› to postpone

d) ‹ reloj› to put back

a) ( llegar tarde) to be late

b) [producción/trámite] to be delayed, be held up

c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind;

◊ se retrasó en presentarlo she was late (in) submitting it

d) [ reloj] to run slow

a) ( demora) delay;

◊ viene con media hora de retraso it's (running) half an hour late;

b) ( de país) backwardness

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retraso nm

1. [demora] delay;

el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed;

perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay;

llegar con (quince minutos de) retraso to be (fifteen minutes) late;

los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today;

el gobierno anunció el retraso de las elecciones the government announced that the elections were to be put back o postponed

2. [por sobrepasar un límite]

llevo en mi trabajo un retraso de veinte páginas I'm twenty pages behind with my work

3. [subdesarrollo] backwardness;

llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind

4. retraso mental mental deficiency;

tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded

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m delay;

ir con retraso be late;

llegar con retraso arrive late, be late o delayed;

llevar retraso be late o delayed

* * *

retraso nm

1) atraso: delay, lateness

retraso mental : mental retardation

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retraso n delay

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Ports and shipping

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The youngest son of the Earl of Rosse, he came from a family well known in scientific circles, the six boys growing up in an intellectual atmosphere at Birr Castle, the ancestral home in Ireland, where a forge and large workshop were available to them. Charles, like his brothers, did not go to school but was educated by private tutors of the character of Sir Robert Ball, this type of education being interspersed with overseas holiday trips to France, Holland, Belgium and Spain in the family yacht. In 1871, at the age of 17, he went to Trinity College, Dublin, and after two years he went on to St John's College, Cambridge. This was before the Engineering School had opened, and Parsons studied mechanics and mathematics.

In 1877 he was apprenticed to W.G.Armstrong \& Co. of Elswick, where he stayed for four years, developing an epicycloidal engine that he had designed while at Cambridge. He then moved to Kitson \& Co. of Leeds, where he went half shares in a small experimental shop working on rocket propulsion for torpedoes.

In 1887 he married Katherine Bethell, who contracted rheumatic fever from early-morning outdoor vigils with her husband to watch his torpedo experiments while on their honeymoon! He then moved to a partnership in Clarke, Chapman \& Co. at Gateshead. There he joined the electrical department, initially working on the development of a small, steam-driven marine lighting set. This involved the development of either a low-speed dynamo, for direct coupling to a reciprocating engine, or a high-speed engine, and it was this requirement that started Parsons on the track of the steam turbine. This entailed many problems such as the running of shafts at speeds of up to 40,000 rpm and the design of a DC generator for 18,000 rpm. He took out patents for both the turbine and the generator on 23 April 1884. In 1888 he dissolved his partnership with Clarke, Chapman \& Co. to set up his own firm in Newcastle, leaving his patents with the company's owners. This denied him the use of the axial-flow turbine, so Parsons then designed a radial-flow layout; he later bought back his patents from Clarke, Chapman \& Co. His original patent had included the use of the steam turbine as a means of marine propulsion, and Parsons now set about realizing this possibility. He experimented with 2 ft (61 cm) and 6 ft (183 cm) long models, towed with a fishing line or, later, driven by a twisted rubber cord, through a single-reduction set of spiral gearing.

The first trials of the Turbinia took place in 1894 but were disappointing due to cavitation, a little-understood phenomenon at the time. He used an axial-flow turbine of 2,000 shp running at 2,000 rpm. His work resulted in a far greater understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation than had hitherto existed. Land turbines of up to 350 kW (470 hp) had meanwhile been built. Experiments with the Turbinia culminated in a demonstration which took place at the great Naval Review of 1897 at Spithead, held to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Here, the little Turbinia darted in and out of the lines of heavy warships and destroyers, attaining the unheard of speed of 34.5 knots. The following year the Admiralty placed their first order for a turbine-driven ship, and passenger vessels started operation soon after, the first in 1901. By 1906 the Admiralty had moved over to use turbines exclusively. These early turbines had almost all been direct-coupled to the ship's propeller shaft. For optimum performance of both turbine and propeller, Parsons realized that some form of reduction gearing was necessary, which would have to be extremely accurate because of the speeds involved. Parsons's Creep Mechanism of 1912 ensured that any errors in the master wheel would be distributed evenly around the wheel being cut.

Parsons was also involved in optical work and had a controlling interest in the firm of Ross Ltd of London and, later, in Sir Howard Grubb \& Sons. He he was an enlightened employer, originating share schemes and other benefits for his employees.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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From 1844 until 1962, the Clyde shipyard of William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, produced over 1,500 ships, trained innumerable students of all nationalities in shipbuilding and marine engineering, and for the seventy-plus years of their existence were accepted worldwide as the leaders in the application of science to ship design and construction. Until the closure of the yard members of the Denny family were among the partners and later directors of the firm: they included men as distinguished as Dr Peter Denny (1821(?)–95), Sir Archibald Denny (1860–1936) and Sir Maurice Denny (1886– 1955), the main collaborator in the design of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer.

One of the most influential of this shipbuilding family was William Denny, now referred to as William 3! His early education was at Dumbarton, then on Jersey and finally at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, before he commenced an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard. From the outset he not only showed great aptitude for learning and hard work but also displayed an ability to create good relationships with all he came into contact with. At the early age of 21 he was admitted a partner of the shipbuilding business of William Denny and Brothers, and some years later also of the associated engineering firm of Denny \& Co. His deep-felt interest in what is now known as industrial relations led him in 1871 to set up a piecework system of payment in the shipyard. In this he was helped by the Yard Manager, Richard Ramage, who later was to found the Leith shipyard, which produced the world's most elegant steam yachts. This research was published later as a pamphlet called The Worth of Wages, an unusual and forward-looking action for the 1860s, when Denny maintained that an absentee employer should earn as much contempt and disapproval as an absentee landlord! In 1880 he initiated an awards scheme for all company employees, with grants and awards for inventions and production improvements. William Denny was not slow to impose new methods and to research naval architecture, a special interest being progressive ship trials with a view to predicting effective horsepower. In time this led to his proposal to the partners to build a ship model testing tank beside the Dumbarton shipyard; this scheme was completed in 1883 and was to the third in the world (after the Admiralty tank at Torquay, managed by William Froude and the Royal Netherlands Navy facility at Amsterdam, under B.J. Tideman. In 1876 the Denny Shipyard started work with mild-quality shipbuilding steel on hulls for the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, and in 1879 the world's first two ships of any size using this weight-saving material were produced: they were the Rotomahana for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand and the Buenos Ayrean for the Allan Line of Glasgow. On the naval-architecture side he was involved in Denny's proposals for standard cross curves of stability for all ships, which had far-reaching effects and are now accepted worldwide. He served on the committee working on improvements to the Load Line regulations and many other similar public bodies. After a severe bout of typhoid and an almost unacceptable burden of work, he left the United Kingdom for South America in June 1886 to attend to business with La Platense Flotilla Company, an associate company of William Denny and Brothers. In March the following year, while in Buenos Aires, he died by his own hand, a death that caused great and genuine sadness in the West of Scotland and elsewhere.

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On (or During the) trials the tug achieved a speed of 12 knots.

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•

On (or During the) trials the tug achieved a speed of 12 knots.

•

On trials the tug achieved a speed of 12 knots.

•

On trials the tug achieved a speed of 12 knots.

•

On trials the tug achieved a speed of 12 knots.

1. adjective

1) at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc:

2) having a particular height:

3) great; large; considerable:

4) most important; very important:

5) noble; good:

6) (of a wind) strong:

7) (of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range:

8) (of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's):

9) (of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.

10) having great value:

2. adverb

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

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An important application of the magneto generator was demonstrated by Holmes in 1853 when he showed that it might be used to supply an arc lamp. This had many implications for the future because it presented the possibility of making electric lighting economically successful. In 1856 he patented a machine with six disc armatures on a common axis rotating between seven banks of permanent magnets. The following year Holmes suggested the possible application of his invention to lighthouse illumination and a trial was arranged and observed by Faraday, who was at that time scientific adviser to Trinity House, the corporation entrusted with the care of light-houses in England and Wales. Although the trial was successful and gained the approval of Faraday, the Elder Brethren of Trinity House imposed strict conditions on Holmes's design for machines to be used for a more extensive trial. These included connecting the machine directly to a slow-speed steam engine, but this resulted in a reduced performance. The experiments of Holmes and Faraday were brought to the attention of the French lighthouse authorities and magneto generators manufactured by Société Alliance began to be installed in some lighthouses along the coast of France. After noticing the French commutatorless machines, Holmes produced an alternator of similar type in 1867. Two of these were constructed for a new lighthouse at Souter Point near Newcastle and two were installed in each of the two lighthouses at South Foreland. One of the machines from South Foreland that was in service from 1872 to 1922 is preserved in the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. A Holmes generator is also preserved in the Science Museum, London. Holmes obtained a series of patents for generators between 1856 and 1869, with all but the last being of the magneto-electric type.

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